[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"$f1fzs52d4ilmar":3,"$f27qo82yht9ynw":107},{"success":4,"data":5},true,{"id":6,"slug":7,"coverImage":8,"author":9,"viewsCount":10,"createdAt":11,"title":12,"description":13,"lang":14,"contentHtml":15,"readingTime":16,"toc":17},"xam91ejelkjg23x2z9skt9vm","are-night-owls-smarter","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.unsplash.com\u002Fphoto-1518837695005-2083093ee35b?w=1280","Dr. Daria Dudnik",0,"2026-07-28T19:47:32.529Z","Are Night Owls Smarter? Chronotype and Cognitive Performance","The idea that night owls are smarter than early birds is popular — but what does the research actually show? We examine the evidence on chronotype, IQ, and cognitive performance.","en","\u003Ch2 id=\"the-myth-of-the-brilliant-night-owl\">The myth of the brilliant night owl\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>There's a popular belief that night owls — people who stay up late and wake up late — are more intelligent than early birds. The stereotype of the brilliant writer working until 3 AM, the genius programmer coding through the night, or the creative artist who does their best work after midnight is deeply embedded in our culture.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>But is there any truth to it? Does your sleep schedule actually reflect your intelligence?\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The short answer: \u003Cstrong>the relationship between chronotype and intelligence is real but complicated.\u003C\u002Fstrong> Night owls do show slightly higher IQ scores on average, but the reasons are not what you might expect — and the practical implications are very different from "staying up late makes you smarter."\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\n    \u003Cdiv class=\"article-stat\">\n      \u003Cdiv class=\"article-stat__number\">The chronotype-IQ connection\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n      \u003Cdiv class=\"article-stat__label\">A 2009 study by Kanazawa in the journal \u003Cem>Psychological Science\u003C\u002Fem> found that adults with higher IQ scores were more likely to be nocturnal. The effect was modest — about 0.2 standard deviations — but statistically significant. However, the study also found that this pattern was specific to modern populations and did not hold in less technologically advanced societies, suggesting the effect is cultural rather than biological.\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n    \u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"1-what-is-chronotype\">1. What is chronotype?\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>Your \u003Cstrong>chronotype\u003C\u002Fstrong> is your natural preference for when to sleep and when to be active. It's not a choice — it's a biological trait, largely determined by genetics.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"the-three-main-chronotypes\">The three main chronotypes\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Morning types (larks)\u003C\u002Fstrong>: naturally wake early, peak alertness in the morning, get sleepy early in the evening. About 25-30% of the population.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Evening types (owls)\u003C\u002Fstrong>: naturally wake late, peak alertness in the evening, prefer to stay up late. About 25-30% of the population.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Intermediate types\u003C\u002Fstrong>: flexible, can adapt to either schedule. About 40-50% of the population.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"what-determines-your-chronotype\">What determines your chronotype?\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Genetics\u003C\u002Fstrong>: chronotype is about 50% heritable. Specific genes (PER3, CLOCK, BMAL1) influence your circadian rhythm\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Age\u003C\u002Fstrong>: adolescents shift toward eveningness, then gradually shift back toward morningness with age\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Sex\u003C\u002Fstrong>: men are slightly more likely to be evening types; women are slightly more likely to be morning types (before menopause)\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Season of birth\u003C\u002Fstrong>: people born in autumn\u002Fwinter tend to be more morning-oriented; spring\u002Fsummer births tend toward eveningness\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Latitude\u003C\u002Fstrong>: populations at higher latitudes show more eveningness, possibly due to longer summer days\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>\n    \u003Cdiv class=\"article-callout\">\n      \u003Cdiv class=\"article-callout__title\">\n        \u003Cspan class=\"article-callout__icon\">💡\u003C\u002Fspan>\n        Chronotype is not laziness\n      \u003C\u002Fdiv>\n      \u003Cdiv class=\"article-callout__body\">Being a night owl is often stigmatized as laziness or poor discipline. But chronotype is a biological trait, not a character flaw. Forcing a night owl to wake at 6 AM is like forcing a lark to work at midnight — both will perform below their cognitive capacity. The modern 9-to-5 work schedule disproportionately disadvantages evening types, who may be cognitively impaired during morning hours when most important work decisions are made.\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n    \u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"2-the-kanazawa-studies-the-origin-of-the-night-owls-are-smarter-claim\">2. The Kanazawa studies: the origin of the "night owls are smarter" claim\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>The most cited research on chronotype and intelligence comes from evolutionary psychologist Satoshi Kanazawa.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"the-2009-study\">The 2009 study\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Kanazawa analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), which included 20,745 adolescents. He found:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Higher IQ correlated with later sleep times\u003C\u002Fstrong>: each 1-point increase in IQ was associated with going to bed about 1 minute later\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>The effect was stronger for adults than children\u003C\u002Fstrong>: among children, the association was weak; among young adults, it was moderate\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>The effect was specific to modern societies\u003C\u002Fstrong>: in less technologically advanced societies (as measured by the study's data), there was no association between IQ and nocturnality\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"kanazawa-s-interpretation\">Kanazawa's interpretation\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Kanazawa argued that nocturnality is an "evolutionarily novel" behavior — our ancestors were diurnal, so staying up late is a departure from the ancestral environment. According to his \u003Cstrong>Savanna-IQ Interaction Hypothesis\u003C\u002Fstrong>, more intelligent individuals are better at dealing with evolutionarily novel situations, so they're more likely to adopt novel behaviors like staying up late.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"criticisms-of-kanazawa\">Criticisms of Kanazawa\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Direction of causality\u003C\u002Fstrong>: does high IQ cause nocturnality, or do nocturnal individuals score higher on IQ tests for other reasons?\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Cultural confound\u003C\u002Fstrong>: the association only exists in modern societies, suggesting it's driven by cultural factors (electric lighting, flexible schedules, technology) rather than biology\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Small effect size\u003C\u002Fstrong>: the difference of ~0.2 SD translates to about 3 IQ points — practically negligible\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Sample bias\u003C\u002Fstrong>: the Add Health sample may not represent the general population\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Alternative explanations\u003C\u002Fstrong>: higher-IQ individuals may have more autonomy over their schedules, allowing them to follow their natural chronotype rather than conforming to social norms\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>\n    \u003Cdiv class=\"article-stat\">\n      \u003Cdiv class=\"article-stat__number\">The 3-point difference\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n      \u003Cdiv class=\"article-stat__label\">The much-cited "night owls are smarter" finding amounts to about 3 IQ points on average. For context, the normal day-to-day variation in an individual's IQ score (due to sleep, mood, caffeine, etc.) is about 5-10 points. The difference between morning and evening types is smaller than the noise of measurement. It's statistically detectable in large samples but meaningless for any individual.\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n    \u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"3-what-other-studies-find\">3. What other studies find\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"studies-supporting-the-night-owl-advantage\">Studies supporting the night owl advantage\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Roberts et al. (1999)\u003C\u002Fstrong>: in a study of 420 university students, evening types scored higher on inductive reasoning tests\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Giannotti et al. (2002)\u003C\u002Fstrong>: in a study of 1,200 adolescents, evening types showed better abstract reasoning\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Preckel et al. (2011)\u003C\u002Fstrong>: in a study of 342 adolescents, evening types had higher verbal intelligence, but morning types had better school grades — highlighting the difference between intelligence and academic performance\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"studies-showing-no-effect-or-the-opposite\">Studies showing no effect or the opposite\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Randler & Frech (2009)\u003C\u002Fstrong>: in a study of 1,008 adults, chronotype was not significantly related to intelligence after controlling for age and education\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Wolfle & List (2004)\u003C\u002Fstrong>: in a large military sample, morning types actually scored slightly higher on cognitive tests\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Huguet et al. (2009)\u003C\u002Fstrong>: in a study of 1,200 adults, no significant relationship between chronotype and IQ was found\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"the-academic-performance-paradox\">The academic performance paradox\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Multiple studies find that \u003Cstrong>evening types have higher IQ but lower academic performance\u003C\u002Fstrong> than morning types. This paradox is explained by:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>School scheduling\u003C\u002Fstrong>: schools start early (7-8 AM), which disadvantages evening types who are cognitively impaired at that hour\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Sleep deprivation\u003C\u002Fstrong>: evening types forced to wake early for school accumulate sleep debt, which impairs learning and memory\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Self-regulation\u003C\u002Fstrong>: morning types tend to be more conscientious and organized, which benefits academic performance independently of IQ\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Social jet lag\u003C\u002Fstrong>: the mismatch between biological time and social time creates chronic fatigue in evening types\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n\u003Cp>\n    \u003Cdiv class=\"article-callout\">\n      \u003Cdiv class=\"article-callout__title\">\n        \u003Cspan class=\"article-callout__icon\">💡\u003C\u002Fspan>\n        The grades vs. IQ gap\n      \u003C\u002Fdiv>\n      \u003Cdiv class=\"article-callout__body\">A 2011 study by Preckel et al. found that evening-type adolescents scored about 4 IQ points higher on verbal intelligence tests but had GPAs 0.3 points lower than morning types. The explanation: morning types are more conscientious, attend class more regularly, and are cognitively functional during school hours. This illustrates that IQ and real-world performance are different things — and that chronotype affects performance through sleep timing, not intelligence.\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n    \u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"4-the-evolutionary-perspective\">4. The evolutionary perspective\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"the-ancestral-argument\">The ancestral argument\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Humans evolved as a diurnal species — active during the day, sleeping at night. Our visual system, body temperature regulation, and hormone cycles all reflect this. So why do evening chronotypes exist at all?\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"possible-evolutionary-explanations\">Possible evolutionary explanations\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Night watchman hypothesis\u003C\u002Fstrong>: having some tribe members awake later provided protection against nighttime threats. Genetic variation in chronotype ensured that not everyone was asleep at the same time\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Mating opportunities\u003C\u002Fstrong>: nighttime activity may have provided different mating opportunities, and individuals with evening preferences may have had reproductive advantages in certain contexts\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Genetic diversity\u003C\u002Fstrong>: maintaining variation in chronotype within a population may be adaptive — a form of bet-hedging that ensures the group can function across different schedules\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Mutation accumulation\u003C\u002Fstrong>: some researchers argue that eveningness is a byproduct of recent genetic mutations that haven't been selected against because modern lighting and technology make nighttime activity viable\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"the-kanazawa-hypothesis-revisited\">The Kanazawa hypothesis revisited\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Kanazawa's claim that nocturnality is "evolutionarily novel" and therefore attractive to high-IQ individuals is controversial. Critics point out that:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Fire (available for ~1-2 million years) made nighttime activity possible long before modern lighting\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>Nighttime rituals, storytelling, and guard duties are documented in hunter-gatherer societies\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>The association between IQ and nocturnality only exists in modern societies, undermining the evolutionary novelty argument\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"5-cognitive-performance-at-different-times-of-day\">5. Cognitive performance at different times of day\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>One of the most important findings in chronotype research is that \u003Cstrong>cognitive performance depends on the match between chronotype and time of testing\u003C\u002Fstrong>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"the-synchrony-effect\">The synchrony effect\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Research by May and Hasher shows that people perform best on cognitive tasks when tested at their preferred time of day:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Morning types\u003C\u002Fstrong> perform best in the morning (8-10 AM) and worst in the evening\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Evening types\u003C\u002Fstrong> perform best in the evening (6-8 PM) and worst in the morning\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Intermediate types\u003C\u002Fstrong> perform best in the afternoon\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"what-this-means-for-iq-testing\">What this means for IQ testing\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>If you test a night owl's IQ at 8 AM, you'll get a lower score than if you test them at 8 PM. The difference can be substantial — up to \u003Cstrong>10-15 IQ points\u003C\u002Fstrong> depending on the test and individual.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>This has profound implications:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Most IQ tests are administered during business hours\u003C\u002Fstrong> (9 AM - 5 PM), which favors morning types\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>School standardized tests\u003C\u002Fstrong> are typically given in the morning, disadvantaging evening types\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Job interviews and assessments\u003C\u002Fstrong> conducted in the morning may underestimate evening types\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>\n    \u003Cdiv class=\"article-stat\">\n      \u003Cdiv class=\"article-stat__number\">The synchrony effect in action\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n      \u003Cdiv class=\"article-stat__label\">A 2005 study by May, Hasher, and Foong tested older and younger adults at different times of day. Morning-type participants tested in the morning scored 15% higher on memory tasks than when tested in the afternoon. Evening-type participants showed the opposite pattern — 15% higher scores in the afternoon than in the morning. The time-of-day effect was as large as the age effect, meaning testing time could completely mask or create apparent age differences in cognitive ability.\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n    \u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"6-health-and-lifestyle-consequences-of-chronotype\">6. Health and lifestyle consequences of chronotype\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>Being a night owl in a morning-oriented world has significant health and lifestyle consequences.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"health-risks-of-evening-chronotype\">Health risks of evening chronotype\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Shorter sleep duration\u003C\u002Fstrong>: evening types sleep 30-60 minutes less than morning types on average, due to social obligations forcing early wake times\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Higher rates of depression\u003C\u002Fstrong>: evening types are 2-3 times more likely to experience depression, partly due to chronic sleep deprivation and social jet lag\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Higher BMI and obesity risk\u003C\u002Fstrong>: evening types are more likely to be overweight, possibly due to late-night eating and disrupted metabolic rhythms\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Higher rates of substance use\u003C\u002Fstrong>: evening types show higher rates of alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine use\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Cardiovascular risk\u003C\u002Fstrong>: evening types have higher rates of hypertension and heart disease, possibly due to chronic circadian disruption\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Diabetes risk\u003C\u002Fstrong>: evening types show higher rates of type 2 diabetes, potentially due to disrupted glucose metabolism from irregular eating and sleeping patterns\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"social-jet-lag\">Social jet lag\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Social jet lag\u003C\u002Fstrong> — the mismatch between your biological clock and social obligations — is a major problem for evening types. If your body wants to sleep 2 AM - 10 AM but your job requires you to wake at 6 AM, you experience the equivalent of flying across 4 time zones every single day. This chronic circadian disruption has been linked to:\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>Reduced cognitive performance\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>Increased accident risk\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>Mood disturbances\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>Metabolic syndrome\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>Reduced immune function\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>\n    \u003Cdiv class=\"article-callout\">\n      \u003Cdiv class=\"article-callout__title\">\n        \u003Cspan class=\"article-callout__icon\">💡\u003C\u002Fspan>\n        The cost of social jet lag\n      \u003C\u002Fdiv>\n      \u003Cdiv class=\"article-callout__body\">A 2012 study by Wittmann et al. estimated that about 70% of the population experiences at least 1 hour of social jet lag. For evening types, the average social jet lag is 2-3 hours. This chronic mismatch has been linked to increased smoking, higher caffeine consumption, and elevated depression scores. The researchers concluded that social jet lag is a "widespread and largely underestimated problem" that may be as harmful as shift work.\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n    \u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"7-what-actually-predicts-intelligence\">7. What actually predicts intelligence?\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>If chronotype is a weak predictor of intelligence, what does predict it?\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"strong-predictors-of-iq\">Strong predictors of IQ\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Genetics\u003C\u002Fstrong>: IQ is about 50-80% heritable in adulthood\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Education\u003C\u002Fstrong>: each year of education increases IQ by 2-4 points\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Nutrition\u003C\u002Fstrong>: adequate nutrition during development is essential for reaching genetic IQ potential\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Environmental enrichment\u003C\u002Fstrong>: cognitively stimulating environments during childhood increase IQ\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Health\u003C\u002Fstrong>: chronic illness, lead exposure, and brain injury can reduce IQ\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"what-chronotype-actually-predicts\">What chronotype actually predicts\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Sleep timing\u003C\u002Fstrong>: when you naturally prefer to sleep and wake\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Peak cognitive time\u003C\u002Fstrong>: when your brain performs best\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Personality traits\u003C\u002Fstrong>: evening types are slightly more extraverted and open to experience; morning types are more conscientious\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Health outcomes\u003C\u002Fstrong>: chronotype affects sleep duration, metabolic health, and mental health risk\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Academic performance\u003C\u002Fstrong>: morning types generally outperform evening types in school, despite similar or lower IQ\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"8-practical-implications\">8. Practical implications\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"for-individuals\">For individuals\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Know your chronotype\u003C\u002Fstrong>: understanding your natural rhythm can help you optimize your schedule. If you're a night owl, try to schedule important cognitive tasks for the afternoon or evening when possible.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Don't confuse preference with ability\u003C\u002Fstrong>: being a night owl doesn't make you smarter, and being a lark doesn't make you less intelligent. Your IQ is determined by genetics and environment, not your sleep schedule.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Prioritize sleep\u003C\u002Fstrong>: regardless of chronotype, getting enough sleep (7-9 hours) is critical for cognitive function. Sleep deprivation reduces effective IQ by 10-15 points.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Minimize social jet lag\u003C\u002Fstrong>: if you're an evening type, try to find work or school schedules that align with your biological clock. Even small adjustments (later start times, flexible hours) can significantly improve performance.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Test at your peak time\u003C\u002Fstrong>: if you're taking an IQ test or important exam, try to schedule it for your peak cognitive time if possible.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n\u003Ch3 id=\"for-society\">For society\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Col>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Flexible work schedules\u003C\u002Fstrong>: the 9-to-5 workday disadvantages evening types. Flexible hours could improve productivity and health for 25-30% of the workforce.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Later school start times\u003C\u002Fstrong>: research consistently shows that later school start times (8:30 AM or later) improve academic performance, especially for adolescents who are biologically predisposed to eveningness.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Chronotype-aware testing\u003C\u002Fstrong>: standardized tests and job assessments should consider time-of-day effects, or offer flexible scheduling.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Health awareness\u003C\u002Fstrong>: the health risks of evening chronotype are largely driven by social jet lag, not by being an evening type per se. Reducing the mismatch between biological and social time could improve public health.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Fol>\n\u003Cp>\n    \u003Cdiv class=\"article-quiz-cta\">\n      \u003Cdiv class=\"article-quiz-cta__text\">Your cognitive profile is unique — and understanding it can help you perform at your best. A professional IQ assessment at NeuroLab, scheduled at your optimal time of day, gives you the most accurate picture of your abilities.\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n      \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fen\u002Ftests\u002Fiq-standard\" class=\"article-quiz-cta__button\">\n        Take the Test Now →\n      \u003C\u002Fa>\n    \u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Chr>\n\u003Ch2 id=\"conclusion\">Conclusion\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>\n    \u003Cdiv class=\"article-callout\">\n      \u003Cdiv class=\"article-callout__title\">\n        \u003Cspan class=\"article-callout__icon\">💡\u003C\u002Fspan>\n        Key takeaways\n      \u003C\u002Fdiv>\n      \u003Cdiv class=\"article-callout__body\">- \u003Cstrong>The night owl IQ advantage is tiny\u003C\u002Fstrong>: evening types score about 3 IQ points higher on average — a difference smaller than day-to-day measurement noise.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>The effect is cultural, not biological\u003C\u002Fstrong>: the IQ-nocturnality association only exists in modern, technologically advanced societies, suggesting it's driven by lifestyle factors rather than an evolutionary link.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Synchrony matters more than chronotype\u003C\u002Fstrong>: your cognitive performance depends on being tested at your optimal time of day, not on whether you're a lark or owl. Testing time can affect scores by 10-15 points.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Evening types face academic and health penalties\u003C\u002Fstrong>: despite slightly higher IQ, evening types get worse grades and face more health risks — largely due to social jet lag and sleep deprivation.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Morning types outperform in school\u003C\u002Fstrong>: conscientiousness and alignment with school schedules give morning types an academic advantage that outweighs the small IQ difference.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Chronotype is biological, not a choice\u003C\u002Fstrong>: about 50% heritable, chronotype is a legitimate biological trait — not laziness or poor discipline.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Social jet lag is the real problem\u003C\u002Fstrong>: the mismatch between biological time and social obligations harms 70% of the population, with evening types most affected.\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Sleep quality matters more than sleep timing\u003C\u002Fstrong>: getting enough sleep at your biologically preferred time is more important for cognitive function than being a morning or evening type.\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n    \u003C\u002Fdiv>\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n",9,[18,22,25,29,32,35,38,41,44,47,50,53,56,59,62,65,68,71,74,77,80,83,86,89,92,95,98,101,104],{"id":19,"text":20,"level":21},"the-myth-of-the-brilliant-night-owl","The myth of the brilliant night owl",2,{"id":23,"text":24,"level":21},"1-what-is-chronotype","1. What is chronotype?",{"id":26,"text":27,"level":28},"the-three-main-chronotypes","The three main chronotypes",3,{"id":30,"text":31,"level":28},"what-determines-your-chronotype","What determines your chronotype?",{"id":33,"text":34,"level":21},"2-the-kanazawa-studies-the-origin-of-the-night-owls-are-smarter-claim","2. The Kanazawa studies: the origin of the \"night owls are smarter\" claim",{"id":36,"text":37,"level":28},"the-2009-study","The 2009 study",{"id":39,"text":40,"level":28},"kanazawa-s-interpretation","Kanazawa's interpretation",{"id":42,"text":43,"level":28},"criticisms-of-kanazawa","Criticisms of Kanazawa",{"id":45,"text":46,"level":21},"3-what-other-studies-find","3. What other studies find",{"id":48,"text":49,"level":28},"studies-supporting-the-night-owl-advantage","Studies supporting the night owl advantage",{"id":51,"text":52,"level":28},"studies-showing-no-effect-or-the-opposite","Studies showing no effect or the opposite",{"id":54,"text":55,"level":28},"the-academic-performance-paradox","The academic performance paradox",{"id":57,"text":58,"level":21},"4-the-evolutionary-perspective","4. The evolutionary perspective",{"id":60,"text":61,"level":28},"the-ancestral-argument","The ancestral argument",{"id":63,"text":64,"level":28},"possible-evolutionary-explanations","Possible evolutionary explanations",{"id":66,"text":67,"level":28},"the-kanazawa-hypothesis-revisited","The Kanazawa hypothesis revisited",{"id":69,"text":70,"level":21},"5-cognitive-performance-at-different-times-of-day","5. Cognitive performance at different times of day",{"id":72,"text":73,"level":28},"the-synchrony-effect","The synchrony effect",{"id":75,"text":76,"level":28},"what-this-means-for-iq-testing","What this means for IQ testing",{"id":78,"text":79,"level":21},"6-health-and-lifestyle-consequences-of-chronotype","6. Health and lifestyle consequences of chronotype",{"id":81,"text":82,"level":28},"health-risks-of-evening-chronotype","Health risks of evening chronotype",{"id":84,"text":85,"level":28},"social-jet-lag","Social jet lag",{"id":87,"text":88,"level":21},"7-what-actually-predicts-intelligence","7. What actually predicts intelligence?",{"id":90,"text":91,"level":28},"strong-predictors-of-iq","Strong predictors of IQ",{"id":93,"text":94,"level":28},"what-chronotype-actually-predicts","What chronotype actually predicts",{"id":96,"text":97,"level":21},"8-practical-implications","8. Practical implications",{"id":99,"text":100,"level":28},"for-individuals","For individuals",{"id":102,"text":103,"level":28},"for-society","For society",{"id":105,"text":106,"level":21},"conclusion","Conclusion",{"success":4,"data":108,"pagination":280},[109,118,125,126,133,140,148,155,162,169,176,184,191,198,206,213,220,227,234,244,251,258,265,273],{"id":110,"slug":111,"coverImage":112,"author":9,"viewsCount":113,"createdAt":114,"title":115,"description":116,"lang":14,"readingTime":117},"s7x75o02kixj2u43gw4ah5pa","olfactory-processing-speed-cognitive-marker","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.unsplash.com\u002Fphoto-1542838132-92c53300287c?w=1280",1,"2026-07-28T20:38:15.776Z","Olfactory Processing Speed as a Cognitive Marker","Can how fast you identify smells predict your cognitive ability? We examine the surprising research linking olfactory processing speed to IQ, memory, and neurodegenerative disease risk.",8,{"id":119,"slug":120,"coverImage":121,"author":9,"viewsCount":10,"createdAt":122,"title":123,"description":124,"lang":14,"readingTime":16},"v1qq1yz082k72zzynk0qv2yh","do-musicians-have-higher-iqs","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.unsplash.com\u002Fphoto-1520006510097-3d64427f3f98?w=1280","2026-07-28T20:25:14.220Z","Do Musicians Have Higher IQs? The Research Verdict","The idea that musicians are smarter is widespread — but does the science support it? We review 10 key studies on musical training, IQ, and cognitive ability to separate fact from fiction.",{"id":6,"slug":7,"coverImage":8,"author":9,"viewsCount":10,"createdAt":11,"title":12,"description":13,"lang":14,"readingTime":16},{"id":127,"slug":128,"coverImage":129,"author":9,"viewsCount":10,"createdAt":130,"title":131,"description":132,"lang":14,"readingTime":16},"hpakkt3uv7frkkhj2el6fvm1","does-high-iq-make-you-rich","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.unsplash.com\u002Fphoto-1579621970795-87facc2f976d?w=1280","2026-07-28T19:37:46.682Z","Does High IQ Make You Rich? 12 Studies Reviewed","The correlation between IQ and income is real but surprisingly weak. We review 12 key studies to understand why high IQ doesn't guarantee wealth — and what actually predicts financial success.",{"id":134,"slug":135,"coverImage":136,"author":9,"viewsCount":21,"createdAt":137,"title":138,"description":139,"lang":14,"readingTime":16},"b5ct19s9mfso606wcppcp79o","iq-test-scores-in-prison-populations","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.unsplash.com\u002Fphoto-1497366216548-37526070297c?w=1280","2026-07-28T18:14:35.540Z","IQ Test Scores in Prison Populations: What the Studies Show","Research consistently finds that prison populations score lower on IQ tests than the general public — by about 10-12 points on average. But the reasons are far more complex than \"criminals are less intelligent.\" This article examines the evidence, the confounding factors, and what the data actually means.",{"id":141,"slug":142,"coverImage":143,"author":9,"viewsCount":28,"createdAt":144,"title":145,"description":146,"lang":14,"readingTime":147},"zjjd6y8yfcydy6y02c9xa2yf","which-country-has-the-highest-average-iq","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.unsplash.com\u002Fphoto-1526129313847-8d262a6b1f0d?w=1280","2026-07-28T17:59:21.857Z","Which Country Has the Highest Average IQ (And Why the Data Is Messy)","Every few months, a new headline declares that Singapore, Hong Kong, or South Korea has the highest IQ in the world. But behind these rankings lies a tangle of methodological problems, cultural biases, and outdated data. This article unpacks what the research actually shows — and what it doesn't.",10,{"id":149,"slug":150,"coverImage":151,"author":9,"viewsCount":21,"createdAt":152,"title":153,"description":154,"lang":14,"readingTime":16},"nxfpaqozmm0dpaytyy2cjixv","why-your-iq-test-score-changes-over-time","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.unsplash.com\u002Fphoto-1499750310107-5fef28a66643?w=1280","2026-07-28T17:33:41.377Z","Why Your IQ Test Score Changes Over Time","Your IQ score is not a fixed number stamped on your brain. Research shows that IQ scores can change significantly over a lifetime — sometimes by 20 points or more. This guide explains what drives these changes and what they mean for you.",{"id":156,"slug":157,"coverImage":158,"author":9,"viewsCount":113,"createdAt":159,"title":160,"description":161,"lang":14,"readingTime":147},"vzkem08f6rgwfw53ie47ux14","cognitive-decline-after-50","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.unsplash.com\u002Fphoto-1559757148-5c350d0d3c56?w=1280","2026-07-28T17:19:02.793Z","Cognitive Decline After 50: What Actually Slows It Down","Cognitive decline is not inevitable. Research reveals that lifestyle factors — from exercise and sleep to social engagement and learning — can slow, halt, or even partially reverse age-related cognitive changes. This guide separates evidence from hype.",{"id":163,"slug":164,"coverImage":165,"author":9,"viewsCount":28,"createdAt":166,"title":167,"description":168,"lang":14,"readingTime":16},"ju4t9m94bmum7agucwxqcwse","early-giftedness-in-children","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.unsplash.com\u002Fphoto-1503454537195-1dcabb382d5d?w=1280","2026-07-27T20:50:02.319Z","Early Giftedness in Children: How to Spot It","Giftedness often appears long before school age. This guide covers the most reliable early signs of giftedness in toddlers and preschoolers, from language precocity and intense curiosity to asynchronous development and emotional sensitivity.",{"id":170,"slug":171,"coverImage":172,"author":9,"viewsCount":10,"createdAt":173,"title":174,"description":175,"lang":14,"readingTime":16},"r6qcu7f1m82isgd85xwzbcmp","signs-of-high-iq-behavioral-patterns","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.unsplash.com\u002Fphoto-1488161628813-04466f872be2?w=1280","2026-07-27T20:26:24.279Z","Signs of High IQ: Behavioral Patterns Worth Knowing","High IQ is not just about test scores. Research reveals consistent behavioral patterns — from curiosity and verbal precocity to emotional intensity and sensory sensitivity — that signal exceptional cognitive ability.",{"id":177,"slug":178,"coverImage":179,"author":9,"viewsCount":180,"createdAt":181,"title":182,"description":183,"lang":14,"readingTime":16},"mmyttzay53iyi8u2n4honco1","ravens-progressive-matrices","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.unsplash.com\u002Fphoto-1635070041078-e363dbe005cb?w=1280",5,"2026-07-27T17:57:48.142Z","Raven's Progressive Matrices: How Non-Verbal Abstract Reasoning Is Tested","Raven’s Progressive Matrices are the gold standard for measuring fluid intelligence without language or cultural bias. Here is how they work, what they measure, and why they remain the most widely used non-verbal IQ test in the world.",{"id":185,"slug":186,"coverImage":187,"author":9,"viewsCount":21,"createdAt":188,"title":189,"description":190,"lang":14,"readingTime":16},"htxxn83hdidzd7dshsmf463s","fluid-vs-crystallized-intelligence","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.unsplash.com\u002Fphoto-1453738773917-4c0c9b8b7777?w=1280","2026-07-27T17:06:51.824Z","Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence: Understanding Cattell’s Theory of Mind","Raymond Cattell split intelligence into two types — fluid and crystallized — and changed how we think about cognitive aging, learning, and IQ. Here is what each type means, how they develop, and why the distinction matters.",{"id":192,"slug":193,"coverImage":194,"author":9,"viewsCount":16,"createdAt":195,"title":196,"description":197,"lang":14,"readingTime":16},"shph7xbe2v6j3cq9w7s881ap","stephen-hawking-iq","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.unsplash.com\u002Fphoto-1552647513-6e7cf1a5e3e3?q=80&w=687&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.1.0&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D","2026-07-27T10:48:11.904Z","Stephen Hawking's IQ: Why He Called Boasters 'Losers'","Stephen Hawking's IQ is quoted as 160 everywhere, but he was never tested — and he dismissed the question outright. A fact-checked look at his record, his methods, and what actually made him exceptional.",{"id":199,"slug":200,"coverImage":201,"author":9,"viewsCount":202,"createdAt":203,"title":204,"description":205,"lang":14,"readingTime":16},"j0ewjm0ebk8n224fzvltegnf","magnus-carlsen-iq","https:\u002F\u002Fupload.wikimedia.org\u002Fwikipedia\u002Fcommons\u002Fthumb\u002F9\u002F9b\u002FMagnus_Carlsen_2013c.jpg\u002F1280px-Magnus_Carlsen_2013c.jpg",6,"2026-07-27T10:48:11.731Z","Magnus Carlsen's IQ: Debunking the 190 Myth","Magnus Carlsen's IQ is widely quoted as 190 — a fabricated figure he has never confirmed. What chess research actually says about intelligence, practice, and the world's best player.",{"id":207,"slug":208,"coverImage":209,"author":9,"viewsCount":202,"createdAt":210,"title":211,"description":212,"lang":14,"readingTime":16},"epirw4xtq1e5n16h3tbvgjb5","bill-gates-iq","https:\u002F\u002Fupload.wikimedia.org\u002Fwikipedia\u002Fcommons\u002Fthumb\u002Fd\u002Fd9\u002FBill_Gates_at_the_European_Commission_-_P067383-987995_%28cropped%29_5.jpg\u002F1280px-Bill_Gates_at_the_European_Commission_-_P067383-987995_%28cropped%29_5.jpg","2026-07-27T10:48:11.546Z","Bill Gates' IQ: What His 1590 SAT Score Really Tells Us","Bill Gates never took a published IQ test — the famous 160 is extrapolated from a 1590 SAT. Here's why that conversion fails, and what his record genuinely proves.",{"id":214,"slug":215,"coverImage":216,"author":9,"viewsCount":16,"createdAt":217,"title":218,"description":219,"lang":14,"readingTime":117},"b8gl3klegh5620utsftdt2p7","elon-musk-iq","https:\u002F\u002Fupload.wikimedia.org\u002Fwikipedia\u002Fcommons\u002Fthumb\u002F5\u002F5e\u002FElon_Musk_-_54820081119_%28cropped%29.jpg\u002F1280px-Elon_Musk_-_54820081119_%28cropped%29.jpg","2026-07-27T10:48:11.370Z","Elon Musk's IQ: Why the Famous 155 Has No Source","Elon Musk's IQ is quoted everywhere as 155 — but no test result has ever been published. A fact-checked look at where the number came from and what his record actually shows.",{"id":221,"slug":222,"coverImage":223,"author":9,"viewsCount":113,"createdAt":224,"title":225,"description":226,"lang":14,"readingTime":16},"vxe24efisix3c1y7layo0mf4","nikola-tesla-iq","https:\u002F\u002Fupload.wikimedia.org\u002Fwikipedia\u002Fcommons\u002Fthumb\u002F7\u002F79\u002FTesla_circa_1890.jpeg\u002F1280px-Tesla_circa_1890.jpeg","2026-07-27T10:44:34.664Z","Nikola Tesla's IQ: Separating the Man From the 310 Myth","Was Nikola Tesla's IQ really 200 or 310? A fact-checked look at why no score exists, what Tesla wrote about his own mind, and what his patent record actually proves.",{"id":228,"slug":229,"coverImage":230,"author":9,"viewsCount":113,"createdAt":231,"title":232,"description":233,"lang":14,"readingTime":16},"kv0tvdbrvqkibjz50dsq0usn","albert-einstein-iq","https:\u002F\u002Fupload.wikimedia.org\u002Fwikipedia\u002Fcommons\u002Fthumb\u002F2\u002F28\u002FAlbert_Einstein_Head_cleaned.jpg\u002F1280px-Albert_Einstein_Head_cleaned.jpg","2026-07-27T10:44:34.466Z","Albert Einstein's IQ: The Truth Behind the Famous 160","Albert Einstein never took an IQ test — so where does the famous 160 come from? A fact-checked look at the myth, his real school records, and what his actual cognitive profile looked like.",{"id":235,"slug":236,"coverImage":237,"author":238,"viewsCount":239,"createdAt":240,"title":241,"description":242,"lang":14,"readingTime":243},"m7es1j6exv8goqeam3byrlzg","iq-vs-intelligence","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.unsplash.com\u002Fphoto-1732780769402-b4ca6455ded0?q=80&w=1028&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.1.0&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D","NeuroLab Team",4,"2026-07-26T19:26:23.236Z","IQ vs Intelligence: Why Your Test Score Is Not the Same as Your Mind","IQ is a number produced by a test. Intelligence is the thing the test is trying to estimate. This article explains the gap between them, what IQ genuinely captures, and everything it leaves out.",12,{"id":245,"slug":246,"coverImage":247,"author":238,"viewsCount":202,"createdAt":248,"title":249,"description":250,"lang":14,"readingTime":243},"vscj8dw21k83vkj1cfe9ipzs","iq-vs-eq","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.unsplash.com\u002Fphoto-1499209974431-9dddcece7f88?q=80&w=1170&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.1.0&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D","2026-07-26T19:26:23.147Z","IQ vs EQ: Which One Actually Predicts Success in Life?","A deep, evidence-based comparison of IQ and emotional intelligence — what each one measures, where the popular narrative gets it wrong, and how the two abilities interact in real careers and relationships.",{"id":252,"slug":253,"coverImage":254,"author":9,"viewsCount":239,"createdAt":255,"title":256,"description":257,"lang":14,"readingTime":202},"p4l2iv9qytts8ucuipitn0gw","average-iq-of-chess-players","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.unsplash.com\u002Fphoto-1604948501466-4e9c339b9c24?q=80&w=1170&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.1.0&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D","2026-07-26T17:01:29.930Z","Average IQ of Chess Players: Intelligence on the 64 Squares","A fascinating analysis of the average IQ of chess players by rating level, whether chess makes you smarter, and what cognitive abilities the royal game demands.",{"id":259,"slug":260,"coverImage":261,"author":9,"viewsCount":180,"createdAt":262,"title":263,"description":264,"lang":14,"readingTime":202},"eki7t564xxf7lw7amvhuaa3y","average-iq-of-pilots","https:\u002F\u002Fplus.unsplash.com\u002Fpremium_photo-1661504402886-4a4fefe9dc99?q=80&w=687&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.1.0&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D","2026-07-26T17:01:29.837Z","Average IQ of Pilots: Cognitive Requirements in Aviation","A thorough examination of the average IQ of pilots, what cognitive abilities flying demands, and how aviation selects for specific mental skills.",{"id":266,"slug":267,"coverImage":268,"author":9,"viewsCount":269,"createdAt":270,"title":271,"description":272,"lang":14,"readingTime":202},"hvn2indj88t7121kphu4geu0","average-iq-of-engineers","https:\u002F\u002Fimages.unsplash.com\u002Fphoto-1738524523058-381162ad2f6c?q=80&w=1635&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.1.0&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D",7,"2026-07-26T17:01:29.746Z","Average IQ of Engineers: Cognitive Demands Across Engineering Disciplines","A detailed analysis of the average IQ of engineers by discipline, what cognitive abilities engineering requires, and how IQ relates to engineering success.",{"id":274,"slug":275,"coverImage":276,"author":9,"viewsCount":10,"createdAt":277,"title":278,"description":279,"lang":14,"readingTime":202},"cylasq67dw5cx4meo6la7mlq","average-iq-of-lawyers","\u002Fcovers\u002Fneuroplasticity.jpg","2026-07-26T17:01:26.763Z","Average IQ of Lawyers: Intelligence in the Legal Profession","A data-driven analysis of the average IQ of attorneys, how cognitive ability varies by legal specialty, and what skills matter more than raw intelligence in law.",{"page":113,"pageSize":281,"pageCount":21,"total":282},24,32]